Cell Cycle of Plant, Animal, Fungi, & Prokaryotic - Cell & Heredity Courses - Assignment on IPFSE FPMIPA UPI - Tugas Semester 3

CELL AND HEREDITY

Practical repor of Cell

Tittle: Cell Cycle

Date: October 25, 2017

Objective(s) : Examine the phases of cell cycle of union (plant cell)

1. Basic theory:

        In 1882, a German anatomist named Walther Flemming developed dyes that allowed him to observe, for the first time, the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis. (In fact, Flemming coined the terms mitosis and chromatin.) During the period between one cell division and the next, it appeared to Flemming that the cell was simply growing larger. But we now know that many critical events occur during this stage in the life of a cell. Mitosis is just one part of the cell cycle. In fact, the mitotic (M) phase, which includes both mitosis and cytokinesis, is usually the shortest part of the cell cycle. Mitotic cell division alternates with a much longer stage called interphase, which often accounts for about 90% of the cycle. 

        It is during interphase that the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division. Interphase can be divided into sub· phases: the GI phase ("first gap’’), the S phase (‘’synthesis’’), and the G2 phase (‘’second gap"). During all three sub phases, the cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. However, chromosomes are duplicated only during the S phase (we will discuss synthesis of DNA in Chapter 16). Thus, a cell grows (G₁, continues to grow as it copies its chromosomes (S), grows more as it completes preparations for cell division (G2), and divides (M).  

          The daughter cells may then repeat the cycle. A particular human cell might undergo one division in 24 hours. Of this time, the M phase would occupy less than 1 hour, while the S phase might occupy about 10-12 hours, or about half the cycle. The rest of the time would be apportioned between the GI and G2 phases. The G2 phase usually takes 4-6 hours; in our example, GI would occupy about 5-6 hours. G₁ is the most variable in length in different types of cells. Mitosis is conventionally broken down into five stages: prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Overlapping with the latter stages of mitosis, cytokinesis completes the mitotic phase. Figure 12.6, on the next two pages, describes these stages in an animal cell. Be sure to study this figure thoroughly before progressing to the next two sections, which examine mitosis and cytokinesis more closely. (Campbell, 2013)

2. Material and Equipment

Material:

1.      Onion (1)

2.      Garlic (1)

3.      Sample of fungi (1 set)

4.      Sample of animal cell (cheek cell)

Equipment:

1.      Light Microscope (2 set)

2.      Beaker glass 50 mL (1)

3.      Microscope slides (3)

4.      Cover slips (3)

5.      Pipette (1)

6.      Cutter (1)

7.      Mouth swabs (1)

8.      Camera (1)

Procedure

a.       Examine two plant cells (unstained)

1.      Set up the microscope

2.      Place a drop of water on slide

3.      Cut the onion and/or garlic in half

4.      Separate two fleshly leaves and locate the epidermis between them

5.      Peel off the epidermis or it must be only one layer of onion/garlic’s skin

6.      Then, cut it into small pieces

7.      Put these pieces into water in a petri dish

8.      Transfer one piece into the drop of water on the slide

9.      Apply the cover slip

10.  Dry the slide if necessary and label it

11.  Examine under the microscope following the usual procedure

12.  Take a picture to document the result of observation

b.      Examine one animal cell (unstained)

1.      Set up the microscope

2.      Swab inside cheek surface with a disposable inoculating loop/ mouth swabs and transfer the sample to the slide

3.      Cover the sample with one drop of water

4.      Apply the cover slip to this preparations as follows:

a)      Place the cover slip at the edge of the water at an angle of 45ᵒ to the slide

b)      Slowly lower the cover slip onto the water, supporting it with the seeker/mounted needle until it is in place. This helps to avoid trapping air bubbles

      5.   Dry the slide if necessary and label it

      6.  Examine under the microscope following the usual procedure

      7.  Take a picture to document the observation

c.       Examine cell structure of fungi (unstained)

1.      Set up the microscope

2.      Take the sample of fungi

3.      Put it on the microscope slide

4.      Cover the sample with one drop of water

5.      Apply the cover slip on the sample

6.      Examine under the microscope

7.      Take a picture to document the observation

d.      Observing prokaryotic cell (bacteria)

1.      Set up the microscope

2.      Take the sample of bacteria culture

3.      Put it on the microscope slide

4.      Cover the sample with one drop of water

5.      Apply the cover slip on the sample

6.      Examine under the microscope

7.      Take a picture to document the observation

3. Attachments

1)      Plant Cell

2) Animal Cell

3) Fungi cell

4)  Prokaryotic cell

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